Data updates

1800–1912: BLS historical compilation (Vermont family-living prices, Hoover and Rees estimates), with coverage different from modern national CPI. Whole-point historical indices have limited precision. Linked at the 1913 annual mean (29.7 → 9.9); BLS values from 1913 are preserved. Monthly coverage still starts January 1913. U.S. annual results use BLS CPI-U published annual-average indices (1913–2025), not World Bank rates. October 2025 monthly data are unavailable; the published BLS average for 2025 uses 11 months.

Canada's annual coverage is 1913–2025. The 1913 value comes from Statistics Canada's historical annual CPI series K8, linked to the existing scale at the common year 1914. Values for 1914–2025 remain the means of 12 official monthly all-items CPI observations. Historical tables may differ in rounding and vintage. No prior-year rate is assigned to 1913. Monthly coverage begins in January 1914; incomplete 2026 is excluded from annual mode.

Statistics Canada · K8 · 1913–1975 — Adapted from Statistics Canada, Historical Statistics of Canada, K8 (1913–1975), 1983. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.

Annual coverage is 1810–2025, excluding 1922, 1923 and 1948. 1810–1880 uses rounded Bundesbank purchasing-power equivalents based on Nuremberg prices; 1881–1913 covers food, 1914–1921 selected living costs, and 1924–1947 historical cost of living, not a homogeneous modern national CPI. Annual levels link at 1949. Monthly 1924-01–1944-09 uses the official five-person worker-family index; 1944-10–1948-06 is missing, without interpolation. Old monthly levels link through the published January 1957 index. July 1948 onward values and the January 1962/1991 links are preserved; annual values since 1949 are twelve-month means. Price controls, rationing and unrecorded prices limit 1938–1948 interpretation. The 1948 RM/DM 1:1 convention concerns current-payment purchasing power, not bank balances. Bundesbank uses a different geographical transition in 1994. Monthly 1920-02–1923-12 uses the BLS-published food, housing, fuel, light and clothing basket. It is approximately linked within the application at January 1924; 1924 overlap drift reaches 6.12% because baskets differ, not an official homogeneous series. M applies through 1923-11; the source uses rentenmarks from 1923-12, shown as the stable Rentenmark/Reichsmark unit RM. Denomination is applied once. From 1939-10 food quantities follow ration allocations; shortages and black-market costs are not measured.

1800–1899: Van Riel worker-household cost-of-living estimate, linked to CBS at 1900. Dutch annual price levels for 1900–2001 use CBS's published historical all-items CPI; CBS describes this linked series as an approximate historical estimate. World Bank rates for 2002–2025 are unchanged. The CBS annual series can differ slightly from averages of its separately linked monthly bases. CBS also notes that rounding can make an annual rate calculated from its historical table differ from the officially published inflation rate. Guilder applies before 2002 and euro thereafter; the fixed €1 = ƒ2.20371 conversion is separate from inflation.

1830–1913 is a historical reconstruction. SCB calculated the 1915–1917 annual values by linear interpolation. 1830–1854: riksdaler riksgälds (rdr rg); 1855–1872: riksdaler riksmynt (rdr rm); 1873+: kr. 1 rdr rg = 1 rdr rm = 1 kr. Sweden's annual coverage is 1830–2025. Published SCB historical averages are linked at 1980; 1954 is the transition from the cost-of-living index to all-items CPI. No annual value is derived from rounded months.

1819–1864: Norges Bank reconstructed general price index, application-linked to SSB at 1865; not an officially published combined series. Amounts in 1819–1874 use spesidaler (spd), from 1875 kroner (kr); 1 spd = 4 kr. Both units coexisted in 1874. Norway's annual view covers 1865–2025 with SSB table 14711. Before 1959 it uses cost-of-living and private-consumption predecessors; the earliest one-decimal indices yield approximate results. Annual values are not derived from monthly data.

Denmark's annual coverage is 1900–2025 from DST PRIS8. Pre-1914 values are historical estimates; early integer-rounded indices make results approximate.

Annual coverage 1861–2025; monthly coverage January 1947–August 2026. 1861–1946 uses Istat historical FOI, reconstructed before 1928. Monthly 1947–1953 uses workers/employees household FOI, 1954 NIC, supplied by BIS. Annual 1947–1954 uses full monthly averages. The early monthly segment is application-linked at January 1955; later monthly values and annual rates from 1956 remain unchanged. BIS/OECD historical numerical precision differences are recorded; this combined dataset is not a single official institutional series. Before 2002 amounts are Italian lire, then euros; €1 = 1,936.27 lire is separate from inflation.

1830–1935: Maluquer de Motes / Banco de España. 1936–1939: —. 1940–1960: Banco de España / INE. Historical annual estimate; urban coverage and published rounding. Linked at common year 1961. War years are not selectable; cross-period results use an approximate historical linked level. Annual currency is the beginning-of-year unit. 1830–1864: real de vellón (Rl); 1865–1868: escudo (Esc); 1869–2001: ₧. 4 Rl = 1 ₧; 1 Esc = 2,5 ₧. Spain's 1961–2001 annual price levels are twelve-month averages of INE's national all-items CPI; 1962–2001 rates derive from those averages. The 2002 rate is INE's published 3.5% annual-average change under its new method. This official rate is rounded to one decimal; the different-base 2001 and 2002 indices are not divided directly. World Bank rates for 2003–2025 are unchanged. Pesetas apply in 1869–2001 and euros from 2002; the fixed €1 = ₧166.386 conversion is separate from inflation.

Annual coverage extends to 1907 using archived INSEE coefficients linked at 1955; all existing rates from 1956 onward remain unchanged. Original 1901–1906 pages remain unverified.

1923–1937 uses Şevket Pamuk's historical Istanbul reconstruction linked at 1938 to the Treasury index published by TÜİK; 1938–1954 is scaled at the 1955 annual mean. Annual 1955–2005 levels average twelve linked months; 2006–2025 World Bank rates and existing 1982+ calculations are preserved. This application link combines changing city, urban and national coverage, not one homogeneous official series. Before 2005: 1,000,000 old TL = 1 TL; denomination conversion is separate from inflation.

Brazil: annual 1912–2025; monthly January 1939–August 2026. Rio de Janeiro cost of living (IBGE 1990, Table 5.1) supplies 1912–1938; the São Paulo IPC-FIPE predecessor supplies 1939–1947. These regional baskets are not the current national IPCA. Application links use the 1939 annual mean, January 1948 to IGPC-MTb Brasil, and December 1979 to IPCA. All existing 1948+ indices and 1995+ World Bank rates remain unchanged. Before November 1942 amounts are mil-réis (1000 réis); 1 mil-réis = 1 Cr$. Annual amounts use year-end currency. Nominal conversion is separate from inflation. First index 1912; first annual rate 1913. The 1925 publication discrepancy is unresolved: the complete IBGE 1990 edition is selected without mixing cells from different publications. 1912 → 1913. 1980–1994: IPCA; 1995–2025: World Bank. 1925: IBGE 1990 = 259; Ipeadata = 258; MTIC 1946 = 257. 1967-02 → 1967-03 (1000:1); 1970-05 → 1970-06 (1:1). 1970-11: 221.6 (IBGE), 221.5 (Ipeadata).

Published CDKO levels for 1750–1799 are from ONS Economic Trends 604, Table 1 p.43, not compounded annual rates. 1750 is the initial index year; rates start in 1751. Source rounding is retained. The 1750–1850 section uses historical consumables prices, not the modern national CPI basket. Annual coverage is 1750–2025; monthly coverage is July 1914–August 2026. Before 1950 these are historical price predecessors, not modern CPI: published ONS CDKO annual indices; ONS cost-of-living observations (BoE archive M6/M), then CDKO retail prices from June 1947. Cost of living links to CDKO in June 1947; old monthly levels link to existing CPI in January 1950. Annual historical indices are scaled at the common calendar 1950 average, not derived from monthly values. Existing 1950–2025 annual values remain twelve-month means of linked JFDN/D7BT. JFDN 1950–1987 links to D7BT at January 1988; 1950–1996 is retrospectively modelled and 1950–1987 is not a National Statistic. All existing observations from 1950 onward are unchanged. Cross-series comparisons are approximate historical purchasing power, with basket and method changes. No missing months are estimated; the 1914 annual value is the published CDKO full-year index, not a mean of the partial monthly coverage. Amounts are pounds (£).

Malaysia annual coverage: 1960–2025, published DOSM overall annual-average CPI (2010=100). Historical geography differs from current national coverage. 1960–1966 amounts refer to Malayan dollars; from 1967 the annual reference is the new Malaysian dollar, introduced at unchanged parity in June 1967 (1:1). This purchasing-power calculation does not value retained old banknotes after their November 1967 devaluation. M$/RM is a 1:1 symbol change. Existing annual DOSM CSV values are preserved and need not equal historical monthly means. Incomplete 2026 is excluded.

Thailand annual coverage: 1953–2025. IMF/IFS historical predecessor 1953–1959; World Bank/IMF 1960–1975; TPSO 1976–2025. Early Bangkok coverage differs from the modern national basket. Incomplete 2026 is excluded.

Taiwan annual coverage: 1902–2025. Historical academic CPI for 1902–1958; DGBAS for 1959–2025. Early rural/urban coverage differs; amounts use year-end currencies. Incomplete 2026 excluded.

Australia covers 1850–2025: ABS Sydney retail prices for 1850–1900 linked at 1901 (regional coverage), historical retail/CPI predecessor through 1948 linked at common calendar 1949, then four-quarter CPI averages. Incomplete 2026 is excluded. Annual amounts before 1966 are £A, then AUD; £A1=A$2.

GUS annual-average ratios cover 1949–2025. Levels for 1949–1950 are back-calculated using 1950=107.5 and 1951=109.6; all 1951+ levels remain unchanged. The 30 October 1950 reform uses the price/wage conversion 100 old zł=3 new zł for purchasing power, not cash exchange. Annual 1950 amounts use the end-year unit. The 1995 conversion of 10,000:1 is separate. Annual data are not derived from months.

Vietnam annual coverage is 1980–2025. IMF WEO April 2025 annual-average price changes link 1980–1994 to the unchanged WB/IMF 1995 index; 1995–2025 values are preserved. Published growth rates avoid heavily rounded early index levels. This is a historical link between different publication vintages. Annual amounts use the year-end currency: 10 old dong = 1 new dong on 14 September 1985. Nominal conversion is separate from inflation. Incomplete 2026 is excluded.

Annual levels for 1910–2025 are calculated by chaining Stats SA B2 official annual inflation rates for 1911–2025 to 1910=100. Levels are calculated, not published index observations; rates retain one-decimal rounding. These are annual-average changes, not December/December rates. The former rounded B1 ratio of 17.65% for 1982 is replaced by the published 14.7%. Primary urban areas through 2008, all urban areas from 2009. The 14 February 1961 conversion of one South African pound to two rand is separate from inflation. Annual 1961 uses rand; monthly February keeps pounds, March uses rand.

Published CDKO levels for 1750–1799 are from ONS Economic Trends 604, Table 1 p.43, not compounded annual rates. 1750 is the initial index year; rates start in 1751. Source rounding is retained. The 1750–1850 section uses historical consumables prices, not the modern national CPI basket. Annual coverage is 1750–2025; monthly coverage is July 1914–August 2026. Before 1950 these are historical price predecessors, not modern CPI: published ONS CDKO annual indices; ONS cost-of-living observations (BoE archive M6/M), then CDKO retail prices from June 1947. Cost of living links to CDKO in June 1947; old monthly levels link to existing CPI in January 1950. Annual historical indices are scaled at the common calendar 1950 average, not derived from monthly values. Existing 1950–2025 annual values remain twelve-month means of linked JFDN/D7BT. JFDN 1950–1987 links to D7BT at January 1988; 1950–1996 is retrospectively modelled and 1950–1987 is not a National Statistic. All existing observations from 1950 onward are unchanged. Cross-series comparisons are approximate historical purchasing power, with basket and method changes. No missing months are estimated; the 1914 annual value is the published CDKO full-year index, not a mean of the partial monthly coverage. Amounts are pounds (£).

Annual coverage is 1810–2025, excluding 1922, 1923 and 1948. 1810–1880 uses rounded Bundesbank purchasing-power equivalents based on Nuremberg prices; 1881–1913 covers food, 1914–1921 selected living costs, and 1924–1947 historical cost of living, not a homogeneous modern national CPI. Annual levels link at 1949. Monthly 1924-01–1944-09 uses the official five-person worker-family index; 1944-10–1948-06 is missing, without interpolation. Old monthly levels link through the published January 1957 index. July 1948 onward values and the January 1962/1991 links are preserved; annual values since 1949 are twelve-month means. Price controls, rationing and unrecorded prices limit 1938–1948 interpretation. The 1948 RM/DM 1:1 convention concerns current-payment purchasing power, not bank balances. Bundesbank uses a different geographical transition in 1994. Monthly 1920-02–1923-12 uses the BLS-published food, housing, fuel, light and clothing basket. It is approximately linked within the application at January 1924; 1924 overlap drift reaches 6.12% because baskets differ, not an official homogeneous series. M applies through 1923-11; the source uses rentenmarks from 1923-12, shown as the stable Rentenmark/Reichsmark unit RM. Denomination is applied once. From 1939-10 food quantities follow ration allocations; shortages and black-market costs are not measured.

1965-01–1969-12: IMF/IFS archive, linked using the 1970 calendar-year mean. 1957–1964 excluded because the 1961 break remains unresolved. All 1970+ values retained. ƒ (guilder) before 2002 · € from 2002 · €1 = ƒ2.20371

1931–June 1954: application-linked historical estimate from the Riksbank/Socialstyrelsen all-items consumption index. Revised December 1949 is 175.3. The 1955 link uses the published approximate 1.76 coefficient; this is not an official homogeneous CPI back-series. Riksbank / Socialstyrelsen → SCB. 1931-01–2026-08.

1914–1919: only 23 published dated cost-of-living observations from SSB yearbooks; missing months are not filled. The tax-inclusive 1919 a variant is checked against the 1925 yearbook. March 1920 is an application level link (288 → 3.7), not an official combined series. Norway's monthly view covers March 1920–September 2026 with SSB table 14710. Before 1959 it uses a historical cost-of-living predecessor; early results are approximate because indices have one decimal.

Denmark's monthly coverage is January 1967–September 2026: OECD/FRED through 1977, DST PRIS1 in 1978–1979, PRIS12 through November 2000, and PRIS01 thereafter, linked at overlapping months.

Annual coverage 1861–2025; monthly coverage January 1947–August 2026. 1861–1946 uses Istat historical FOI, reconstructed before 1928. Monthly 1947–1953 uses workers/employees household FOI, 1954 NIC, supplied by BIS. Annual 1947–1954 uses full monthly averages. The early monthly segment is application-linked at January 1955; later monthly values and annual rates from 1956 remain unchanged. BIS/OECD historical numerical precision differences are recorded; this combined dataset is not a single official institutional series. Before 2002 amounts are Italian lire, then euros; €1 = 1,936.27 lire is separate from inflation.

March 1954–1960: BIS historical series scaled to INE using the 1961 common-year mean. Early coverage differs from modern national CPI. The 1939–1954 archival link is incomplete. Spain's official national all-items CPI uses INE Base 1992 through 2001 and INE Base 2025 from 2002. Because sale prices entered the CPI in 2002, these two indices must not be divided directly. Cross-boundary calculations follow INE's three-stage method using its published monthly 2002 year-on-year rates. Those rates are rounded to one decimal, so results are approximate. Post-2002 indices are unchanged; peseta/euro conversion is applied separately.

Monthly coverage extends to January 1951: 48 BIS/INSEE predecessor observations linked at January 1955; all 860 existing monthly values remain unchanged.

India's 1954–2010 monthly values are historical estimates; values from 2011 onward are official MoSPI combined CPI. 1954-04–1968-07: Labour Bureau A15 General CPI-IW (1949=100) is linked to the 1960 base using the published factor 1.2154. Industrial-worker coverage differs from later Combined CPI. Annual 1955–1959 uses Economic Survey calendar-year All Items means; existing World Bank/IMF rates from 1960, including the 1960 bridge, are retained. This splice is an application historical estimate.

Brazil: annual 1912–2025; monthly January 1939–August 2026. Rio de Janeiro cost of living (IBGE 1990, Table 5.1) supplies 1912–1938; the São Paulo IPC-FIPE predecessor supplies 1939–1947. These regional baskets are not the current national IPCA. Application links use the 1939 annual mean, January 1948 to IGPC-MTb Brasil, and December 1979 to IPCA. All existing 1948+ indices and 1995+ World Bank rates remain unchanged. Before November 1942 amounts are mil-réis (1000 réis); 1 mil-réis = 1 Cr$. Annual amounts use year-end currency. Nominal conversion is separate from inflation. First index 1912; first annual rate 1913. The 1925 publication discrepancy is unresolved: the complete IBGE 1990 edition is selected without mixing cells from different publications. 1912 → 1913. 1980–1994: IPCA; 1995–2025: World Bank. 1925: IBGE 1990 = 259; Ipeadata = 258; MTIC 1946 = 257. 1967-02 → 1967-03 (1000:1); 1970-05 → 1970-06 (1:1). 1970-11: 221.6 (IBGE), 221.5 (Ipeadata).

January 1955–December 1981 uses the IMF IFS archive mirrored by DBnomics (August 2025 vintage), scaled at January 1982. All existing 1982+ TÜİK/CBRT values and the 1988/1994/2003 and 2004/2005 links are preserved. Historical coverage varies; annual data are not interpolated into months. Before 2005: 1,000,000 old TL = 1 TL, separate from inflation.

Malaysia monthly coverage: 1968-01–2026-09. 1968–1979 Peninsular Malaysia CPI (national sources/BIS), then existing DOSM CPI from 1980. The application links levels at the common month January 1980; this is not an official combined series. All 36 overlap months in 1980–1982 were checked. Modern DOSM values are preserved; no months are interpolated. December 1992 M$/RM symbol change is 1:1. Sources: National sources; BIS long consumer prices database, www.bis.org/statistics/cp.htm.

Thailand monthly coverage is January 1976–September 2026 from TPSO's national all-items CPI. The official series supplies all months directly on the 2023=100 base; none are estimated.

DGBAS monthly all-items CPI covers January 1959–September 2026, including 1959–1961 rows hidden in the official workbook. Through 1970 coverage is Taiwan Province; before 1981 the predecessor is urban. No missing months are estimated.

Australia quarterly calculations use RBA G1 original GCPIAG historical retail-price observations for June quarter 1922–June quarter 1948, then the published ABS Table 17 original All Groups CPI (A2325846C), September quarter 1948–September quarter 2026, without extra rebasing or interpolation. All 313 common RBA/ABS quarters agree exactly, with no additional splice factor. Source: Reserve Bank of Australia 2026 and ABS, under RBA Financial Data terms section 5 and ABS CC BY 4.0. Periods are January–March, April–June, July–September and October–December, not individual months. Coverage is six state capitals before 1981, then eight capital cities. From December quarter 2025 ABS averages the complete monthly CPI and splices it to the historical quarterly series at September quarter 2025; the application retains the published quarterly levels. Both endpoints are quarters. Decimalisation occurred on 14 February 1966. The quarter-ending currency applies: £A through December quarter 1965, A$ from March quarter 1966; £A1=A$2 is applied separately from inflation. The March quarter 1966 straddles the reform and does not represent an exact daily currency date. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, CC BY 4.0; no ABS endorsement.

Australia covers September 2017–September 2026. The old ABS monthly Indicator is linked to complete Monthly CPI at common April 2024 in the application. This is not one ABS-published combined series; no missing months are estimated.

Monthly coverage is January 1981–September 2026. Twelve 1981 levels are calculated from GUS 1982/1981 same-month ratios and anchored at December 1981 using January 1982 MoM. These are approximate calculated levels. Rounding gives a 1982 annual-average comparison difference of about −0.07815 percentage point; annual data are not forced to match. All 1982+ points are preserved; published linked indices are used from 1999. No missing months are filled. The 1995 currency conversion is separate from inflation.

Vietnam monthly coverage is January 1995–September 2026. NSO E 11.01's 1995–1997 retail-price predecessor, 1998–2025 CPI changes and 2026 releases are chained. The 1998 methodological transition is explained on the Source and method page.

BIS/Stats SA monthly history for January 1922–December 2008 is application-linked at January 2009 to the existing Stats SA all-urban series. January 2009–September 2026 values are unchanged. The older one-decimal 1980–2008 B1 levels are replaced by the more detailed historical chain; vintage and scope differences are quantified in the report. This is not a single official combined series. No missing months are invented. Currency conversion is separate; historical urban coverage is narrower than the whole modern population.